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Pakistan sits at the top of an extraordinary geological endowment. Underneath its soil, more than 90 different minerals have been identified, ranging from copper, gold, lithium and cobalt to critical rare earth elements (REEs) required for the 21st-century economical, digital, energy and defense architecture. Various estimates have placed the potential value of Pakistan’s minerals between USD 50 trillion and USD 68 trillion. Yet mining contributes only 3.2 per cent to Pakista

A Turning Point in Global Biodiversity Thinking Biodiversity represents the full spectrum of life-genes, species, and ecosystems, and the intricate web of interactions that sustains Earth’s productivity, resilience, and capacity to adapt. Its value extends far beyond species counts or economic metrics; it is the living infrastructure that purifies air and water, stabilizes climate, and nurtures human and ecological wellbeing. The true worth of ecosystems lies in their self-re