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To walk across the Earth is to walk across a battlefield. We tend to view our planet as a static stage—solid rock, immovable mountains, permanent coastlines. But this is an illusion of time. To a geologist, the Earth is a churning, volatile entity caught in a state of  dynamic equilibrium .  Every valley and peak you see is the result of an ancient, silent war between two colossal forces. From below, endogenic forces (driven by the planet’s internal heat) shove the crust upwa

On this humid November morning in Belém, far from the large plenaries and scripted press conferences, meeting room 18 seems to crackle with energy. The official COP30 badge on the door reads: “Transformative Dialogue on Natural Rights–Led Governance (NRLG).”  The framework of NRLG, developed by M. Zakir Hossain Khan, offers a powerful remedy for achieving planetary justice and inclusive Earth governance. Inside something was forming even rarer than a new text.  Indigenous lea