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To walk across the Earth is to walk across a battlefield. We tend to view our planet as a static stage—solid rock, immovable mountains, permanent coastlines. But this is an illusion of time. To a geologist, the Earth is a churning, volatile entity caught in a state of  dynamic equilibrium .  Every valley and peak you see is the result of an ancient, silent war between two colossal forces. From below, endogenic forces (driven by the planet’s internal heat) shove the crust upwa

Climate change poses growing risks to the world’s landscapes, deeply influencing economic opportunities and community resilience across regions.  Rising temperatures and shifting precipitation patterns have led to dramatic effects on landforms—altering growing seasons, increasing wildfire risk, and reducing ecosystem services in drylands and coastal zones. For example, reductions in crop and livestock productivity are already being observed, with projections showing worsening